Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor (TNFR) refers to a class of cell surface receptors found in various cells of the immune and other body systems. These receptors play a crucial role in mediating the biological effects of tumor necrosis factor (TNF), a pro-inflammatory cytokine involved in immune responses, apoptosis, and inflammation regulation.
TNFRs are transmembrane proteins that constitute a significant part of the TNF receptor superfamily, which encompasses several different receptors with similar structural features. When TNF binds to its specific receptor, the intracellular domain of the receptor is triggered, initiating a cascade of intracellular signaling pathways that lead to diverse cellular responses.
The TNF-TNFR complex is implicated in a wide range of physiological processes, including immune cell activation, programmed cell death (apoptosis), cell proliferation, tissue development, and differentiation. Dysregulation of TNFR signaling is associated with various pathological conditions, such as chronic inflammation, autoimmune diseases, and cancer.
The two most well-studied members of the TNFR family are TNFR1 and TNFR2. TNFR1 is expressed in nearly all tissues and mediates a broad range of TNF responses, including apoptosis and inflammation. TNFR2 is predominantly found on immune cells and is involved in immune regulation and tissue repair.
In conclusion, Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptors are a group of cell surface receptors that mediate the biological effects of TNF, impacting immune function, inflammation, and cell survival. Their diverse roles make them essential therapeutic targets for multiple diseases.
