Tonic-clonic seizures, also known as grand mal seizures, are a type of generalized seizure that involves the entire brain. These seizures are characterized by two distinct phases: the tonic phase and the clonic phase.
During the tonic phase, there is a sudden and brief contraction of the muscles, leading to stiffening of the body. The person experiencing the seizure may fall to the ground, lose consciousness, and have difficulty breathing. This phase typically lasts for about 10-20 seconds.
Following the tonic phase, the clonic phase begins. During this phase, the muscles begin to contract and relax rapidly, leading to jerking movements of the body. The person may also exhibit frothing at the mouth and may bite their tongue or cheek due to the intense muscle contractions. This phase can last for several minutes.
Tonic-clonic seizures are caused by abnormal electrical activity in the brain. They can be triggered by various factors such as epilepsy, head injuries, certain medications, brain tumors, or metabolic imbalances. The exact cause may vary from person to person.
Treatment for tonic-clonic seizures typically involves the use of anticonvulsant medications to help control and prevent future seizures. In some cases, other interventions such as lifestyle changes or surgical procedures may be recommended.
It's important to note that witnessing or experiencing a tonic-clonic seizure can be distressing and potentially dangerous. It is advisable to seek immediate medical attention if someone experiences a tonic-clonic seizure, especially if it lasts longer than five minutes or if the person has never had a seizure before.
