Subacute Necrotizing Encephalomyelopathies (SNEM) refer to a group of neurological disorders characterized by inflammation, degeneration, and necrosis of the brain and spinal cord. SNEM typically manifests as a progressive illness affecting both the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS), leading to a variety of neurological symptoms.
These conditions are considered subacute because they develop gradually over a period of weeks or months, rather than suddenly or acutely. The necrotizing aspect refers to the death of cells and tissues within the affected areas of the brain and spinal cord, leading to functional impairments.
Symptoms of SNEM can vary depending on the specific subtype and the extent of CNS and PNS involvement. Common clinical features include muscle weakness, difficulty coordinating movements, sensory abnormalities, cognitive decline, and sometimes behavioral changes. Other symptoms may include paralysis, seizures, and difficulties with speech, swallowing, and vision.
SNEM can be caused by various factors, including viral or bacterial infections, autoimmune reactions, metabolic disorders, or toxic exposures. A diagnostic evaluation typically involves a thorough medical history, neurological examination, imaging studies, and laboratory tests to identify the underlying cause of the disease.
Treatment for SNEM often involves a multidisciplinary approach to manage symptoms, slow disease progression, and address specific underlying causes when possible. This may include medications to reduce inflammation, physical therapy to improve motor function and mobility, and supportive care to enhance quality of life. In severe cases, hospitalization and intensive care may be required.
