A social movement refers to a collective and organized effort by a group of individuals or organizations seeking to bring about social, political, or cultural change. It is characterized by the mobilization of people who share common goals, beliefs, or values, often in response to perceived inequalities, injustices, or grievances within society. Social movements can arise at both local and global scales, and their objectives range from advocating for civil rights, gender equality, environmental protection, economic reforms, to religious or cultural reforms.
Key features of social movements include their non-institutional nature, organized and sustained collective action, and a desire to challenge existing power structures or norms. They often employ a wide range of strategies and tactics such as demonstrations, protests, boycotts, strikes, lobbying, advocacy campaigns, and grassroots mobilization to achieve their goals. Social movements can emerge from various societal sectors, representing marginalized or oppressed groups, as well as broader movements that seek to address universal issues or concerns.
Social movements have historically played a significant role in shaping societies and influencing political, economic, and cultural landscapes. They have been instrumental in effecting social change, bringing about legal reforms, raising public awareness, altering public opinion, and exerting pressure on governments and institutions to address social issues. Notable examples of social movements include the civil rights movement, the feminist movement, the labor movement, the environmental movement, the anti-apartheid movement, and the LGBTQ+ rights movement.
The word "social movement" originated in the English language and its etymology can be understood by breaking it down into its constituent parts:
1. Social: The term "social" comes from the Latin word "socius", meaning "companion" or "ally". In English, it entered the language in the mid-16th century and relates to human society, social interactions, or collective behavior.
2. Movement: The word "movement" comes from the Latin word "movimentum", which means "motion" or "action". In English, it entered the language in the late 14th century and generally refers to a change or shift in position, action, or belief.
When these two words are combined, "social movement" refers to a collective, organized effort aiming to bring about social or political change.