Pronunciation: [ɹˈʌnz ˌʌp ɐɡˈɛnst] (IPA) 
The phrase "runs up against" is spelled with the letter "s" in between "run" and "up," despite the fact that the two words are spoken with a seamless transition between the sounds. This is because the "s" serves as a marker of the past tense of "run" when it is used in this phrasal verb. The pronunciation of the phrase is /rʌnz ʌp əˈɡenst/, with stress on the second syllable of "against."
The phrase "runs up against" is an idiomatic expression typically used in informal contexts, possessing multiple connotations based on the context in which it is applied. Commonly, it refers to an individual or entity encountering an obstacle, challenge, or difficulty unexpectedly or unintentionally. This term implies a sudden and often unforeseen clash or confrontation with a problem or dilemma. In such cases, one's progress or plans can be hindered or obstructed, requiring further effort or strategizing to overcome the obstacle at hand.
Furthermore, "runs up against" can also denote a clash or conflict of interests, ideas, or beliefs. It describes a situation or instance where two or more individuals, groups, or parties encounter opposition, contradiction, or disagreement. This can occur during negotiations, debates, or discussions, where divergent opinions or conflicting perspectives impede the advancement or resolution of a given matter.
Moreover, "runs up against" can also depict a violation or transgression of rules, laws, or regulations. It suggests an instance where an individual or organization engages in an action that contradicts or breaches established guidelines or restrictions, thus resulting in confrontation, legal consequences, penalties, or opposition from authorities.
In summary, "runs up against" is an idiomatic expression that vividly portrays encountering an obstacle or challenge, experiencing a clash or conflict of interests, or committing a transgression of regulations. Its versatility allows for nuanced usage across various contexts, emphasizing the unexpected or unintended nature of the situation, the presence of a point of contention, and the necessity for resolution, negotiation, or adaptation to overcome the encountered hindrance.
