The word "quern" refers to a simple hand mill used for grinding grains. It is spelled as /kwɜrn/, with the initial "q" pronounced as "kw" and the "e" in the middle syllable pronounced as /ɜ/. The "rn" at the end is pronounced as a single syllable. The spelling of the word has remained relatively consistent throughout its history, with slight variations in different languages. Additionally, the word "quern" is believed to have originated from an Old English word "cweorn."
A quern refers to a primitive, hand-operated grinding device that was traditionally used for grinding grains into flour or meal. This tool consists of two basic components: a lower, stationary stone known as the quern-stone, and an upper, mobile stone called the handstone or handlestone. The quern-stone is typically a flat, circular slab made from durable rock materials such as granite, basalt, or sandstone. Its surface is carefully carved with concentric grooves or ridges to facilitate the grinding process.
To use a quern, one places the desired grains or seeds between the two stones and then grips the handlestone, exerting a rotary motion to grind the grains against the quern-stone. The resulting friction grinds the grains into a coarse powder, which can be further refined by repeating the grinding process.
Querns have been used since ancient times and have played a crucial role in food production across various civilizations. Before the advent of modern mills and machinery, querns were essential tools for households as well as small-scale food producers. They symbolize an early stage in the development of food processing techniques and are still occasionally used in remote or traditional communities where modern machinery is lacking.
Due to their historical and cultural significance, querns are sometimes found in museums or archaeological sites, giving insights into the daily life and technology of ancient civilizations.
A hand mill for grinding grain.
Etymological and pronouncing dictionary of the English language. By Stormonth, James, Phelp, P. H. Published 1874.
The word "quern" originates from the Old English word "cweorn". It is derived from the Proto-Germanic word "kwernaz", which ultimately comes from the Proto-Indo-European root "*gʷerə-" or "*gʷrə-", meaning "to grind". This etymology is reflected in related words in various Germanic languages, such as "kvern" in Norwegian and "kvarn" in Swedish. The term "quern" specifically refers to a simple hand-operated millstone used for grinding grains, often made of stone or wood.