Polyaemia is a medical term used to define a condition characterized by an increased number of red blood cells (RBCs) circulating in the bloodstream. Also known as polycythemia or erythrocytosis, it refers to the abnormal elevation in RBC count, hemoglobin levels, and hematocrit levels. Polyaemia can be classified into primary or secondary polycythemia, depending on its underlying cause.
Primary polycythemia, also called polycythemia vera (PV), is a rare blood disorder characterized by an abnormal production and excessive proliferation of red blood cells within the bone marrow. This condition is considered to be a myeloproliferative neoplasm, a type of cancer affecting blood cells. Secondary polycythemia, on the other hand, occurs as a result of increased red blood cell production due to an external factor, such as chronic hypoxia (low oxygen levels), certain lung diseases, or kidney tumors.
The symptoms of polyaemia may vary depending on its severity and underlying cause, and can include fatigue, weakness, headache, dizziness, enlarged spleen, and increased risk of blood clots. Diagnosis typically involves a thorough physical examination, blood tests to analyze RBC count and hemoglobin levels, and potentially additional tests to identify the underlying cause.
Treatment options for polyaemia aim to reduce the excessive red blood cell production and prevent complications. This may involve therapeutic phlebotomy (removal of blood), medications to suppress the bone marrow's production of RBCs, or addressing the underlying cause if secondary polycythemia is present. Regular monitoring of blood parameters is crucial to ensure the condition remains under control and to prevent further complications like blood clots or stroke.
