A piston engine, also known as an internal combustion engine, is a type of engine that operates by using reciprocating pistons to convert pressure into mechanical energy. It is widely utilized in various applications, such as automotive vehicles, airplanes, boats, and machinery.
The engine consists of a cylinder block, cylinders, pistons, connecting rods, and a crankshaft. The cylinder block contains a specific number of cylinders, usually arranged in a straight line (in-line), a V shape (V engine), or a flat (boxer) configuration. Within each cylinder, a piston is fitted, which moves up and down in a reciprocating motion.
During operation, a mixture of air and fuel (known as the fuel-air mixture) is introduced into the cylinder through an intake valve. As the piston moves downward, it creates a vacuum, leading to the intake valve opening and allowing the fuel-air mixture to enter the cylinder. Subsequently, the valve closes, and the piston moves back up, compressing the mixture. Once at the top of its stroke, a spark plug ignites the compressed mixture, causing a rapid combustion and generating an explosive force. This force drives the piston back down, converting the chemical energy in the fuel into mechanical energy.
The movement of the pistons is transferred to the crankshaft through connecting rods, which convert the linear motion of the pistons into rotational motion. As the crankshaft rotates, it transfers the energy to power various external systems, such as the wheels in a vehicle or the propellers in an airplane.
Piston engines are known for their versatility, power output, and relatively simple design. They can be fueled by gasoline, diesel, or alternative fuels, making them a popular choice in numerous industries worldwide.
