Photovoltaic cells, also commonly referred to as solar cells, are semiconductor devices that convert sunlight directly into electricity using the photovoltaic effect. This effect occurs when certain materials, known as semiconductors, absorb photons (particles of light) and release electrons, generating an electric current.
Photovoltaic cells consist of several layers of semiconducting material, typically made of silicon. The two main layers are the p-type layer, which contains positively charged "holes," and the n-type layer, which contains free electrons. When sunlight hits the cell, photons with sufficient energy dislodge electrons from their atoms within the absorption layer, creating electron-hole pairs.
These separated charges then migrate towards the p-n junction, where an electric field is created due to the different properties of the two layers. This electric field forces the electrons to flow in one direction, generating a direct current (DC) that can be captured and utilized for various applications.
Photovoltaic cells are combined in larger arrays to create solar panels, which can be installed on rooftops or in open fields to generate electricity on a larger scale. The amount of electricity produced is proportional to the intensity of sunlight and the efficiency of the cells, which continues to improve with technological advancements.
Photovoltaic cells have become increasingly popular as a renewable energy source due to their ability to produce clean electricity, reducing reliance on fossil fuels and minimizing greenhouse gas emissions. They are widely used in residential, commercial, and utility-scale solar power systems, contributing to the global transition towards sustainable energy.
