Phalloin is a toxin that belongs to the family of amatoxins, specifically found in certain species of mushroom, most notably the amanita mushroom (Amanita phalloides), also known as the death cap mushroom. It plays a critical role in the mushroom's poisonous properties and is responsible for its lethal effects when ingested.
This toxin acts as a highly potent inhibitor of RNA polymerase II, an essential enzyme involved in the transcription process, which converts genetic instructions from DNA into functional proteins. The inhibition of this crucial enzyme disrupts protein synthesis and ultimately leads to cell death. Specifically targeting the liver, phalloin induces severe liver damage, resulting in liver failure and potential death.
The symptoms of phalloin poisoning usually manifest several hours after consumption and typically progress through several stages. Initially, individuals may experience gastrointestinal distress such as vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. As the toxin progresses, its effects on the liver become more apparent, leading to jaundice, hepatic necrosis, and acute liver failure. In severe cases, organ damage can be irreversible, and mortality rates are alarmingly high.
It is crucial to note that phalloin poisoning is a medical emergency and immediate and appropriate medical treatment is of utmost importance. Supportive care, including fluid replacement, administration of liver protective medications, and in some cases, liver transplantation, may be crucial for the patient's survival.
Due to its extreme toxicity, phalloin serves as a warning to individuals for the potential hazards of consuming wild mushrooms without proper identification and expertise.
