Pronunciation: [pɛnˈɪli͡ən] (IPA) 
The word "pennillion" is commonly used in Welsh music and poetry. It is spelled with two "n"s and two "l"s, and pronounced /pɛnɪljɔn/ in IPA phonetic transcription. The first syllable is pronounced like "pen" as in a writing instrument, and the second syllable is pronounced like "ill" with a soft "j" sound at the end. The ending "ion" is pronounced with a short "i" and a slight emphasis on the "o" sound.
Pennillion is a Welsh term that refers to a specific type of traditional Welsh poetry, commonly sung, which follows a strict metrical structure. Derived from the Welsh word "pennill" meaning "verse," pennillion consists of a series of individual verses, typically consisting of four lines, in a regular pattern of syllables and stresses. Each verse is characterized by specific line lengths and rhymes that adhere to an established poetic form.
In pennillion, the first line typically sets the poetic meter and pattern for the subsequent verses, which then revolve around the initial motif. The traditional practice often involves a primary singer or "penillwr" who initiates the poem or song by reciting the first line, while the remaining participants continue with their own verses. This interactive nature of pennillion encourages both collective improvisation and individual creativity, as each verse must connect and respond to the preceding one, creating a continuous flow of poetic expression.
Pennillion can be found in various contexts, such as during eisteddfods, which are cultural festivals or gatherings celebrating Welsh arts and traditions. It is also common in folk songs and as accompaniment to harp playing. With its rich history and connection to Welsh cultural heritage, pennillion represents a distinctive form of poetic expression that has endured for centuries, maintaining its unique style and structure while capturing the essence of Welsh tradition and musicality.
The word "pennillion" originates from the Welsh language. Its etymology can be traced back to the combination of two Welsh words: "penn" meaning "head" or "top" and "llythyren" meaning "letter" or "character".
In Welsh poetry, a pennill (singular form of "pennillion") refers to a four-line stanza or verse. However, the word can have broader meanings as well, including a verse in general, or a song or a composition that includes several stanzas.
