The spelling of "Old Bulgarian" is straightforward, but the pronunciation is not necessarily obvious. In IPA phonetic transcription, it is pronounced [oʊld bʌlˈɡɛəriən], with emphasis on the second syllable of "Bulgarian." The "o" sound is long, as in "cold," while the "u" sound in "Bulgarian" is pronounced like the "u" in "but." This term refers to the language spoken in Bulgaria between the 9th and 11th centuries, before the adoption of the Cyrillic script.
Old Bulgarian, also known as Old Church Slavonic, refers to the earliest known form of a Slavic language. It was primarily in use during the 9th to 11th centuries in the First Bulgarian Empire and neighboring regions. Old Bulgarian emerged as a result of the missionary work of the Byzantine brothers Cyril and Methodius, who developed the Glagolitic alphabet to translate religious texts from Greek into the local Slavic vernacular.
As a liturgical language, Old Bulgarian played a crucial role in spreading Christianity among Slavic-speaking populations. It served as the liturgical and written language of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church until the 18th century, and influenced various Slavic languages in the Balkans and Eastern Europe.
Old Bulgarian is characterized by its rich and complex grammatical structure. It evolved from a Common Slavic language, representing an intermediary stage between Common Slavic and modern Slavic languages like Bulgarian, Serbian, and Russian. The vocabulary of Old Bulgarian is primarily based on the South Slavic dialects, with influences from Greek and some Latin. Its written form exhibits different alphabets, predominantly the Glagolitic and later the Cyrillic script.
Today, Old Bulgarian is studied as a historical language, mainly by linguists, theologians, and historians. It holds great cultural significance for the Bulgarian people and Eastern Slavic Orthodox churches, representing an important stage in the development of Slavic literature, language, and religious texts.
The word "Old Bulgarian" refers to the early stage of the Bulgarian language that was spoken from the 9th to the 11th century. The term "Old Bulgarian" itself is a calque from the Russian "древнеболгарский" (drevnebolgarskiy), which means "Ancient Bulgarian". The Russian term was derived from the combination of "древний" (drevniy), meaning "ancient" or "old", and "болгарский" (bolgarskiy), meaning "Bulgarian". The etymology of "древний" can further be traced back to the Old Slavic word "дрѣво" (drevо), meaning "tree" or "wood". This Old Slavic word evolved to signify "ancient" or "old" in various Slavic languages.