Neuroblastoma is a type of cancer that primarily affects young children, mainly those under the age of five. It is a malignant tumor that develops from neuroblasts, which are immature nerve cells found in various parts of the body, such as the adrenal glands, neck, chest, abdomen, or pelvis. Neuroblastoma most commonly arises in the adrenal glands, which are located on top of the kidneys.
The condition occurs when neuroblasts fail to mature into fully functional nerve cells, resulting in uncontrolled growth and the formation of a tumor. The exact cause of this abnormal development is not well understood, but certain genetic mutations and alterations are thought to play a role.
Symptoms of neuroblastoma can vary depending on the location and size of the tumor, but may include a palpable abdominal mass, pain, fatigue, fever, weight loss, and changes in bowel or bladder function. As the cancer progresses, it may spread to other parts of the body, such as the bones, lymph nodes, liver, or lungs.
Diagnosis of neuroblastoma involves various imaging tests, such as X-rays, ultrasounds, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), as well as laboratory tests to assess levels of certain substances in the body. Treatment options depend on factors such as the stage and risk classification of the tumor, and may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, stem cell transplant, or targeted therapy.
The prognosis for neuroblastoma can vary widely, ranging from highly curable in some cases to more difficult to treat in others. The five-year survival rate is generally favorable for low-risk or localized disease but significantly lower for high-risk or metastatic neuroblastoma. Regular follow-up care is essential to monitor for potential relapse or long-term effects of treatment.
