Neonatal calf diarrhea virus, commonly referred to as NCDV, is a pathogenic virus that primarily affects newborn calves, resulting in the development of diarrhea. It belongs to the family Coronaviridae and the genus Alphacoronavirus. NCDV is characterized by its ability to infect and replicate within the epithelial cells lining the small intestine of the affected calves.
The virus is primarily transmitted through the oral-fecal route, whereby healthy calves become infected by ingesting the virus-contaminated fecal material or by direct contact with infected individuals. NCDV can also persist in the environment, allowing for indirect transmission through contaminated water, feed, or equipment present within the calf's surroundings.
Upon infection, the virus targets and damages the intestinal villi, leading to impaired absorption of nutrients and water. This, in turn, causes a watery and profuse diarrhea in affected calves, often accompanied by dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, and weight loss. Additionally, the virus can suppress the immune system, making the infected calves more susceptible to secondary bacterial infections.
Prevention and control of NCDV primarily involve implementing strict biosecurity measures, such as proper hygiene practices, including disinfection of equipment and facilities, along with isolation and quarantine protocols. Vaccines are available to provide passive immunity to newborn calves, as well as to stimulate their own immune system to produce protective antibodies against NCDV.
Overall, Neonatal Calf Diarrhea Virus is a significant concern in the cattle industry due to its potential to cause economic losses through reduced calf growth rate, increased mortality, and treatment costs.
