A naval ram is a distinctive weapon employed by ancient and medieval maritime civilizations, consisting of a projecting stem or prow on a ship's bow that is reinforced or armed with a heavy, often metal, structure. This pointed structure, typically fashioned in the shape of a ram's head or horn, was intended to be used as a battering device during naval warfare. The primary purpose of a naval ram was to strike and damage enemy vessels by puncturing or breaking through their hulls.
Naval rams were prominent features of warships in ancient Greece, Rome, and other civilizations, where they played a critical role in naval engagements. The effectiveness of a naval ram relied on the speed, weight, and maneuverability of the attacking ship. The ramming technique involved the acceleration of the ship, often reaching substantial speeds, aiming to strike the opponent's hull with maximum force and momentum. The collision would cause severe damage, leading to the sinking or incapacitation of the target vessel.
Naval rams became less prevalent with advancements in naval warfare tactics and the emergence of more potent projectile weaponry. The use of cannons and guns supplanted rams as the primary means of engaging enemy ships. However, their historical significance should not be undermined, as naval rams were instrumental in shaping the tactics and strategies employed in naval warfare during earlier periods of maritime history.
The word "naval ram" has its roots in ancient naval warfare. The term "ram" derives from the Latin word "ramus", meaning "branch" or "horn". In ancient times, ships were equipped with a metal-tipped battering ram at the bow, which was used to ram into enemy vessels and cause damage or sink them.
The practice of using ramming as a tactic in naval warfare originated in the Mediterranean region and saw prominence in the ancient world, particularly during the period of ancient Greece and Rome. The Greeks referred to this type of naval weapon as "embolon", and the Romans called it a "rostrum" or "rostra" (plural). A rostrum was a protruding structure shaped like a ram's horn, typically made of bronze, that was attached to the front of a warship.