Myeloma, also known as multiple myeloma, is a malignant neoplasm that arises from plasma cells - a type of white blood cell responsible for producing antibodies. This rare cancer primarily affects the bone marrow, leading to the uncontrolled proliferation of abnormal plasma cells.
Myeloma is characterized by the accumulation of these abnormal cells in the bone marrow, causing destruction and weakening of the bone structure. This can lead to various skeletal complications, such as bone pain, fractures, and osteoporosis. Additionally, myeloma cells can impair the production of healthy blood cells, leading to anemia, increased vulnerability to infections, and problems with blood clotting.
The abnormal plasma cells in myeloma also produce excessive amounts of proteins, specifically monoclonal immunoglobulins or M-proteins. These abnormal proteins can accumulate in various organs and tissues, leading to organ damage and dysfunction. This can manifest as kidney problems, impaired immune function, and an increase in blood calcium levels.
Diagnosis of myeloma typically involves laboratory tests, including blood and urine tests, bone marrow biopsy, and imaging scans to detect bone lesions. Treatment options for myeloma depend on various factors, such as the patient's overall health, the extent of the disease, and the presence of specific genetic abnormalities. Possible treatment approaches may include chemotherapy, targeted therapies, stem cell transplantation, radiation therapy, and supportive care measures.
Although myeloma remains an incurable disease, advancements in treatment have significantly improved outcomes, with many patients experiencing prolonged periods of remission and improved quality of life. Regular monitoring and ongoing treatment are typically necessary to manage the disease and its associated complications.
