Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) refers to a group of bacteria that includes several species closely related to Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a highly infectious pathogen responsible for causing tuberculosis (TB) in humans and other animals. The MTBC is comprised of multiple species, with M. tuberculosis being the most common and widely studied one. Other important members of this complex include M. africanum, M. bovis, M. canetti, M. microti, and M. pinnipedii.
The term "complex" is used to indicate that these bacteria share similar genetic and biochemical traits, making them closely related and difficult to differentiate based on traditional laboratory methods. They are all slow-growing, acid-fast bacilli, meaning they possess a unique protective waxy coating that makes them resistant to staining with standard laboratory dyes. This coating also contributes to their ability to survive for extended periods in the environment and within the human body.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex bacteria are transmitted primarily through the airborne route, typically when an infected individual coughs or sneezes, releasing microscopic droplets containing the bacteria into the air. Once inhaled, the bacteria can reach the lungs and establish an infection that, if left untreated, can lead to active tuberculosis disease.
Given the significant health risks associated with MTBC bacteria, proper diagnosis, treatment, and control measures are crucial to prevent the spread of tuberculosis. Identifying the specific members of the mycobacterium tuberculosis complex can be challenging, often requiring advanced laboratory techniques such as DNA sequencing or specialized culture methods.
