Mitoses, plural form of mitosis, is a fundamental cellular process in eukaryotes wherein a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells. It constitutes the second stage of the cell cycle, preceded by the G2 phase and succeeded by cytokinesis. Mitosis plays a crucial role in various biological processes, including growth, development, tissue repair, and asexual reproduction.
During mitosis, the cell's chromosomes, which contain the genetic material, undergo replication, segregation, and distribution to ensure each daughter cell receives a complete set of chromosomes. The process consists of distinct stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Each stage involves specific molecular events that facilitate the precise division of genetic material.
In prophase, the replicated chromosomes condense and become visible, while the nuclear membrane starts to break down. During metaphase, the chromosomes align at the center of the cell, forming a mitotic spindle composed of microtubules that attach to the chromosomes. Anaphase follows, during which the duplicated chromosomes separate and move to opposite poles of the cell. Finally, in telophase, the nuclear envelopes reassemble around each set of chromosomes, and two complete nuclei are formed.
Mitosis ensures genetic stability by faithfully transmitting the genetic information from one generation of cells to the next. This process is regulated by a complex interplay of proteins and signaling pathways, ensuring the accurate and coordinated progression through each stage. Deviations from normal mitosis can lead to various diseases, including cancer, where uncontrolled cell division occurs. Overall, mitosis is a fundamental process enabling cellular growth, development, and maintenance of a healthy organism.
