Mediastinal emphysema is a medical condition characterized by the abnormal presence of air or gas within the mediastinum, which is the space between the lungs that extends from the sternum to the vertebral column. This condition is also commonly referred to as pneumomediastinum.
The mediastinum contains vital structures such as the heart, major blood vessels, trachea, esophagus, and lymph nodes. In mediastinal emphysema, air or gas can escape from the lungs and travel into the mediastinum, leading to the formation of pockets or spaces of trapped air.
This condition often occurs as a result of trauma to the chest, such as from a motor vehicle accident or a forceful blow to the chest. It can also arise spontaneously due to non-traumatic causes, including underlying lung diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, or infections.
Symptoms of mediastinal emphysema may include chest pain, shortness of breath, difficulty swallowing, hoarseness, or a crackling sensation under the skin. Additional signs could include rapid heart rate, low blood pressure, and swelling of the neck or face.
Diagnosis of mediastinal emphysema typically involves imaging studies such as chest X-rays or computed tomography (CT) scans, which help to visualize the trapped air within the mediastinum.
Treatment of mediastinal emphysema aims to manage the underlying cause and relieve symptoms. In some cases, conservative management with pain relief and observation may be sufficient, while more severe cases may require hospitalization, supplemental oxygen, or even surgical intervention to remove the trapped air.
