Malignant catarrhal fever is a rare and highly contagious viral disease that primarily affects ruminant animals such as cattle, deer, and sheep. This condition is caused by a herpesvirus known as Alcelaphine herpesvirus-1 (AHV-1) or ovine herpesvirus-2 (OvHV-2), which is closely related to the Epstein-Barr virus in humans. The virus is typically transmitted through direct or indirect contact with nasal secretions or other bodily fluids from infected animals.
This disease is characterized by severe inflammation and ulceration of the mucous membranes, primarily affecting the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts. Common symptoms include high fever, nasal discharge, coughing, diarrhea, salivation, depression, loss of appetite, and weight loss. In addition, affected animals may develop corneal opacity, eye discharge, and neurological signs such as incoordination and impaired vision.
Malignant catarrhal fever is often fatal, with a mortality rate that can be as high as 90% in susceptible species. While the virus typically does not affect humans, it poses a significant threat to livestock due to its potential for rapid spread and devastating consequences for affected herds.
Diagnosis of malignant catarrhal fever is often challenging due to its non-specific clinical signs and similarities with other diseases. Laboratory testing, including virus isolation or detection of viral DNA, can aid in confirming the presence of the virus. Unfortunately, there is currently no specific treatment or vaccine available for this condition, emphasizing the importance of preventive measures, such as quarantine and biosecurity protocols, to minimize its spread.
