Major urinary proteins (MUPs) are a group of proteins found in the urine of mammals, primarily rodents. They are part of the lipocalin superfamily and are known for their strong affinity for binding and transporting small hydrophobic molecules, such as pheromones and other scent compounds.
MUPs are predominantly secreted by the liver and enter the urine through filtration by the kidneys. They are highly abundant in the urine of rodents, comprising a significant proportion of total urinary protein. MUPs have been well-studied in rodents due to their role in chemical communication, particularly the signaling of individual identity, social status, and reproductive status through scent marking.
These proteins are highly polymorphic, meaning that there is a wide range of different MUP isoforms. The variation in MUPs is believed to be driven by selective pressures related to the diverse ecological and social environments of rodents. The specific isoform composition of MUPs can vary between individuals, populations, and species, reflecting the genetic variation within and among these groups.
Researchers have also discovered that MUPs can exhibit immunomodulatory effects, potentially affecting an individual's immune response and susceptibility to infections or diseases. Additionally, MUPs have been associated with certain diseases, including kidney disorders and prostate cancer, and are being explored as potential biomarkers for these conditions.
In summary, major urinary proteins are a diverse group of proteins found in the urine of mammals, primarily rodents, which play a vital role in chemical communication and scent marking. They have strong affinity for binding small hydrophobic molecules and exhibit polymorphism, potentially influencing an individual's reproductive success and immune response.
