The phrase "long run" is spelled with the IPA transcription /lɒŋ rʌn/. The first syllable "long" is pronounced with a long "o" sound as in "home" and the voiced consonant "ng" sound as in "sing". The second syllable "run" is pronounced with a short "u" sound as in "hut" and the voiced consonant "n" sound as in "net". In context, "long run" can refer to a period of time or distance, suggesting a sustained effort over an extended period of time.
Long run is a term used in economics and business to refer to a period of time in which all factors of production can be adjusted and are flexible. In this context, factors of production encompass inputs such as labor, capital, technology, and raw materials. The long run is characterized by the absence of fixed inputs, meaning that all inputs are variable.
From an economic standpoint, the concept of the long run is crucial in determining the effects of various decisions taken by firms and industries. In the long run, firms have the ability to adjust their production levels, adopt new technologies, and modify their resources to optimize their economic performance. Decisions made in the long run are not limited by constraints posed by fixed inputs, thus allowing for maximum flexibility and adjustment.
This concept can also be applied to understanding market behavior. In the long run, market forces tend to reach equilibrium as firms adjust their outputs and prices based on changing conditions. The long-run equilibrium is the point where supply equals demand and firms earn zero economic profit.
The length of the long run can vary depending on the specific industry or market under consideration. It may span months, years, or even decades, depending on the level of adjustment required and the pace of technological advancements. Therefore, the long run encompasses a wide span of time within which businesses can adapt and optimize their operations to achieve desired objectives.
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The word "long run" originated from the combination of the Old English word "lang" (meaning long) and the Old English word "rūn" (meaning a course or a journey). The term "long run" has been used in English since the early medieval period to refer to a lengthy or extended period of time or distance. It has been commonly used in various contexts, such as economics (referring to a prolonged period), sports (referring to a lengthy race or endurance event), and everyday language (referring to long-term consequences or goals).