Kappa B Enhancer Binding Protein, also known as NF-κB, is a transcription factor that plays a crucial role in regulating gene expression and controlling various cellular processes. It is a protein complex that binds to a specific DNA sequence called the kappa B enhancer element, hence its name.
NF-κB is found in the cytoplasm of cells and is usually maintained in an inactive state through its association with inhibitory molecules known as IκBs. However, upon activation by numerous signaling pathways such as those induced by inflammatory cytokines, pathogens, or cellular stress, IκBs are degraded, allowing NF-κB to translocate into the nucleus.
Once in the nucleus, NF-κB binds to the kappa B enhancer element located in the promoter region of target genes. This binding acts as a switch, turning on the expression of genes involved in diverse processes such as inflammation, immune responses, cell proliferation, apoptosis, and development. NF-κB can interact with other transcription factors to enhance or repress gene expression, depending on the specific context.
Dysregulation of NF-κB has been linked to various diseases, including chronic inflammation, autoimmune disorders, and cancer. Therefore, the study of NF-κB and its associated proteins is crucial for understanding the underlying molecular mechanisms involved in these pathological conditions and can provide potential targets for therapeutic intervention.
