Hydrocephaly, also known as hydrocephalus, is a medical condition characterized by an abnormal buildup of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) within the cavities of the brain, leading to an enlargement of the skull and potentially causing various neurological symptoms. This is caused by an imbalance between the production and absorption of CSF, resulting in excessive fluid accumulation.
In a healthy brain, CSF is produced in the ventricles and circulates around the brain and spinal cord, acting as a protective cushion. However, in individuals with hydrocephaly, the excessive buildup of CSF puts pressure on the brain, potentially leading to impaired brain function and development.
Hydrocephaly can occur at any age, from prenatal development to adulthood, and its symptoms may vary depending on the severity of the condition. Common signs and symptoms include an enlarged head, rapid head growth, bulging fontanelles (soft spots), sunsetting eyes (where the eyes appear to gaze downward), seizures, irritability, poor coordination, developmental delays, and cognitive problems.
The underlying causes of hydrocephaly can be congenital (present at birth) or acquired. Congenital hydrocephaly may be due to genetic abnormalities, brain malformations, or prenatal infections. Acquired hydrocephaly can occur as a result of trauma, bleeding within the brain, tumors, infections, or complications from surgery.
Treatment for hydrocephaly often involves surgically placing a shunt system, consisting of a flexible tube and a valve, to drain the excess CSF from the brain to another part of the body, typically the abdomen, where it can be absorbed. This helps to normalize the fluid levels and relieve the pressure on the brain, preventing further damage and managing symptoms.
