Human Immunodeficiency Viruses (HIV) are a group of viruses that belong to the Retroviridae family and are responsible for causing acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in humans. HIV primarily attacks and weakens the immune system, specifically targeting CD4 cells, which are a type of white blood cell crucial for protecting the body against infections. This virus is characterized by its ability to replicate within CD4 cells and gradually destroy them, leading to a progressive impairment of the immune system.
HIV is classified into two main types: HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV-1 is the most common and pathogenic type prevalent worldwide, while HIV-2 is less virulent and mostly found in West Africa. Both types are transmitted through contact with bodily fluids such as blood, semen, vaginal fluids, breast milk, and rectal fluids during various activities such as unprotected sexual intercourse, sharing needles or syringes, and from mother to child during childbirth or breastfeeding.
Once a person becomes infected with HIV, they may initially experience mild flu-like symptoms, but the virus can remain asymptomatic for several years. As the infection progresses, the immune system becomes severely compromised, leaving the individual susceptible to opportunistic infections, cancers, and other complications associated with AIDS.
Despite the absence of a cure, various antiretroviral therapies (ART) are available to manage HIV and slow down the progression to AIDS. These medications can prevent the virus from replicating, control symptoms, and reduce the risk of transmitting HIV to others. Promoting safe practices, regular testing, and education remain crucial for preventing the spread of HIV and reducing the global impact of this infectious disease.
