Human Immunodeficiency Virus Associated Nephropathy (HIVAN) is a medical condition characterized by kidney damage that occurs as a result of infection with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). HIVAN is considered a significant cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) among individuals infected with HIV.
The virus attacks and damages the filtering units of the kidneys, known as glomeruli, leading to impaired kidney function. This can result in the accumulation of waste products in the blood, fluid retention, electrolyte imbalances, and the loss of essential proteins into the urine. Over time, HIVAN can progress and ultimately lead to kidney failure if not treated appropriately.
HIVAN predominantly affects individuals with advanced stages of HIV infection and is more common in individuals of African, Hispanic, or Caribbean descent. Risk factors for developing HIVAN include a low CD4 cell count (a measure of immune function), high viral load (the amount of HIV in the bloodstream), and a family history of kidney disease.
The symptoms of HIVAN may include increased urination, fatigue, swelling in the legs and ankles, high blood pressure, and decreased appetite. Diagnosis of HIVAN involves a combination of clinical evaluation, blood tests, imaging studies, and a kidney biopsy.
Management of HIVAN typically involves a multidisciplinary approach, including antiretroviral therapy to control HIV infection, blood pressure control, dietary modifications, and, in some cases, dialysis or kidney transplantation. Early detection, prompt treatment, and regular monitoring are essential in managing HIVAN and improving outcomes for affected individuals.
