Herpes varicella zoster virus, also known as VZV, is a highly contagious virus that belongs to the Herpesviridae family. It is the main causative agent of two distinct diseases, varicella (commonly known as chickenpox) and herpes zoster (shingles).
Varicella, the primary infection caused by VZV, typically occurs during childhood and is characterized by a characteristic itchy rash, fever, and flu-like symptoms. The rash begins as small red spots that eventually develop into fluid-filled blisters before crusting over and healing. Although varicella is usually a mild and self-limiting illness, it can lead to severe complications in immunocompromised individuals, infants, and adults.
Following primary infection, VZV remains dormant in sensory nerve ganglia. In some individuals, especially those with weakened immune systems or advancing age, the virus may reactivate and cause herpes zoster or shingles. Herpes zoster is characterized by a painful rash that usually affects one side of the body, typically occurring along the sensory nerves supplied by the affected ganglia. Shingles can be accompanied by postherpetic neuralgia, a debilitating chronic pain condition that can persist long after the rash has healed.
The transmission of VZV occurs primarily through respiratory droplets or direct contact with fluid from active lesions. Vaccination, such as the varicella vaccine, has proven effective in preventing varicella and reducing the risk of subsequent herpes zoster infections. Antiviral medications can be prescribed to alleviate symptoms and reduce the duration of illness in affected individuals.
