Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a single-stranded, positive-sense RNA virus that belongs to the Hepacivirus genus in the Flaviviridae family. It is the primary cause of chronic hepatitis C, a bloodborne infection that affects the liver. The virus is typically transmitted through contact with infected blood, primarily through sharing needles during intravenous drug use, blood transfusion, or from mother to child during childbirth.
HCV causes a wide spectrum of liver diseases, ranging from an acute self-limiting illness to chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. It is estimated that around 70-80% of individuals infected with HCV develop chronic infection. However, symptoms may not be present during the early stages of infection, leading to delayed diagnosis and increased risk of complications.
The virus replicates primarily within hepatocytes, resulting in liver inflammation and damage over time. HCV is known for its high genetic variability, with several different genotypes and subtypes identified worldwide. This genetic diversity poses challenges for treatment, as it affects the effectiveness of antiviral therapies and contributes to the development of drug resistance.
Screening blood donations and implementing strict infection control measures have helped reduce the risk of HCV transmission. Antiviral therapies, such as direct-acting antivirals (DAAs), have revolutionized the treatment of hepatitis C, leading to high cure rates and improved prognosis for infected individuals. Early detection and prompt treatment are crucial in preventing the progression of liver disease and associated complications caused by the hepatitis C virus.
