Hepatic Veno Occlusive Disease (VOD), also known as sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (SOS), is a rare and potentially life-threatening condition that primarily affects the liver. It is characterized by the blockage or narrowing of the small veins within the liver, impeding blood flow and causing tissue damage.
The condition typically arises as a complication of certain medical treatments, such as stem cell or bone marrow transplants, chemotherapy, or radiotherapy, although it can also be triggered by herbal or dietary supplements. It occurs when toxic substances or certain medications, used in these treatments, damage the cells lining the small veins in the liver, leading to inflammation and the subsequent development of scar tissue. This scarring disrupts the normal flow of blood within the liver, contributing to the formation of blood clots and congestion.
Symptoms of hepatic veno occlusive disease may include abdominal pain, jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), ascites (accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity), hepatomegaly (enlarged liver), and weight gain. In severe cases, it can progress to liver failure or lead to other complications such as portal hypertension or liver cirrhosis.
Diagnosis of hepatic veno occlusive disease entails a comprehensive evaluation of the patient's medical history, physical examination, and imaging tests, such as ultrasound or computed tomography (CT) scans. Liver function tests and measures of blood clotting may also be performed.
Treatment options for hepatic veno occlusive disease primarily focus on managing symptoms and supporting liver function. This may involve close monitoring, the administration of medications to reduce swelling or prevent blood clotting, and in severe cases, liver transplantation may be necessary.
