Haemocytolysis is a medical term used to describe the process of destruction or breakdown of red blood cells (erythrocytes) in the bloodstream. The word is derived from the Greek words "haemo," meaning blood, "cyto," meaning cell, and "lysis," meaning destruction.
In haemocytolysis, various factors or conditions can cause the rupture, disintegration, or dissolution of erythrocytes, leading to the release of their contents into the surrounding plasma. This process can occur due to mechanical trauma, immune response, certain diseases, toxins, or infections.
When haemocytolysis occurs, the red blood cells' plasma membrane integrity is compromised, resulting in the release of haemoglobin, enzymes, and other cellular components into the bloodstream. This can lead to the formation of free haemoglobin and its breakdown products, which can have adverse effects on the body. For example, the release of haemoglobin can result in the formation of reactive oxygen species, which can contribute to oxidative stress and tissue damage.
Haemocytolysis is often associated with conditions such as autoimmune hemolytic anemia, transfusion reactions, certain medications, bacterial or viral infections, venomous snake or spider bites, and genetic disorders affecting red blood cell structures or enzymes.
The identification and diagnosis of haemocytolysis can be done through laboratory tests, such as measuring levels of free haemoglobin in the blood, evaluating blood cell morphology, and assessing markers of red blood cell destruction, like bilirubin levels.
Treatment of haemocytolysis usually involves addressing the underlying cause, managing symptoms, and providing supportive care, such as blood transfusions or immunosuppressive therapy in certain cases.
