Giant cell tumors, also known as giant cell tumour of bone (GCTB), are rare and aggressive neoplasms that primarily affect the bone. These tumors are characterized by the presence of abnormal cells called giant cells, which are multinucleated and possess distinctive characteristics not commonly found in normal cells. Giant cell tumors most frequently occur in the long bones of the extremities, particularly the knee, but can also develop in other bones such as the spine or pelvis.
Giant cell tumors are typically classified as benign, although they can be locally aggressive, with the potential to invade and destroy surrounding bone tissues. They commonly present as expansile masses that cause pain, swelling, and joint stiffness. The cause of giant cell tumors remains largely unknown, but several risk factors, such as age (typically affecting adults between the ages of 20 and 40), gender (more prevalent in females), and certain genetic mutations, have been associated with their development.
Diagnosis of giant cell tumors often involves imaging tests such as X-rays, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or computed tomography (CT) scans, which provide detailed images of the affected bone. A definitive diagnosis is ultimately achieved through a biopsy, where a sample of the tumor is taken and examined under a microscope.
Treatment options for giant cell tumors include surgery, which aims to completely remove the tumor and any affected bone, and the use of adjuvant therapy such as denosumab, a monoclonal antibody that can help shrink and control the tumor. In some cases, if the tumor is unresectable or metastatic, radiation therapy or other targeted therapies may be considered.
Regular follow-up care and monitoring are essential for individuals diagnosed with giant cell tumors to detect any potential recurrence or metastasis early.
