Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a medical condition characterized by chronic acid reflux, which occurs when stomach acid flows back into the esophagus. The esophagus is the tube that connects the throat to the stomach. GERD is a more severe and chronic form of acid reflux, often causing bothersome symptoms and potential complications.
The symptoms of GERD typically include heartburn, a burning sensation in the chest or throat, regurgitation of stomach acid or food, difficulty swallowing, and a persistent cough. These symptoms can be recurrent or persistent, often worsening after meals or when lying down. If left untreated, GERD can lead to more serious conditions such as esophagitis (inflammation of the esophagus), strictures (narrowing of the esophagus), Barrett's esophagus (precancerous changes in the lining of the esophagus), and even esophageal cancer.
The underlying cause of GERD is a weakened lower esophageal sphincter (LES), a muscular band that normally prevents stomach acid from flowing backward. Factors that can contribute to GERD include obesity, hiatal hernia (a condition where the upper part of the stomach slides up into the chest), pregnancy, certain medications, smoking, and a diet high in fatty or acidic foods.
Treatment options for GERD include lifestyle changes like weight loss, avoiding trigger foods, and elevating the head of the bed while sleeping. Medications such as antacids, H2 blockers, and proton pump inhibitors can also be prescribed to reduce stomach acid production. In severe cases or when other treatments fail, surgical intervention may be necessary to reinforce the LES and prevent acid reflux.
