GABA B receptors, also known as GABA B Rs, are a type of neurotransmitter receptor belonging to the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) family. These receptors are involved in the regulation of inhibitory neurotransmission in the central nervous system (CNS). GABA B receptors specifically bind with the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurotransmitter, which is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain.
GABA B receptors consist of two subunits, GABA B1 and GABA B2, which are both necessary for functional receptor activity. These subunits are encoded by separate genes and are predominantly expressed in the brain regions associated with synaptic communication and signal integration. The GABA B1 subunit is responsible for ligand binding, while the GABA B2 subunit acts as a mediator for receptor signaling.
Upon GABA binding, GABA B receptors activate intracellular signaling cascades through interactions with G-proteins. These signaling pathways can modulate various neuronal functions, including the inhibition of synaptic transmission and the regulation of neuronal excitability. GABA B receptors also play a role in regulating neurotransmitter release and synaptic plasticity, which are crucial for normal cognitive function, motor control, and emotional regulation.
Pharmacological targeting of GABA B receptors has therapeutic potential in various neurological and psychiatric disorders, including epilepsy, anxiety, depression, and addiction. Additionally, GABA B receptor agonists and antagonists have been developed for their therapeutic effects or as research tools to investigate the physiological functions of these receptors.
