Foot and mouth disease viruses (FMDV) belong to the genus Aphthovirus, family Picornaviridae. FMDV is a highly infectious and contagious viral pathogen that affects cloven-hoofed animals, including cattle, pigs, sheep, goats, and deer. It is characterized by the formation of blisters and erosions in the mouth, on the tongue, gums, nose, teats, and hooves of infected animals.
The virus is composed of a single-stranded, positive-sense RNA genome enclosed in an icosahedral protein capsid. There are seven different serotypes of FMDV, labeled A, O, C, Asia 1, and SAT 1, 2, and 3, each presenting different antigenic properties. Within each serotype, several subtypes exist, leading to extensive genetic and antigenic diversity.
FMDV is primarily transmitted through direct contact between infected and susceptible animals, such as nose-to-nose contact or by contact with contaminated objects. It can also spread through the air over short distances, making it highly contagious and capable of rapid dissemination.
The disease caused by FMDV is debilitating to animals and has severe economic consequences due to livestock trade restrictions imposed by countries affected by an outbreak. It does not pose a direct threat to humans, as it does not infect them, but humans can act as carriers of the virus through contaminated clothing, equipment, or other fomites.
Prevention and control of FMDV involve strict biosecurity measures, quarantine, and movement restrictions in affected areas. Additionally, vaccination campaigns targeting specific serotypes and subtypes are carried out in regions with a high risk or history of FMD outbreaks.
