Focal tonic seizures, also known as focal tonic-clonic seizures, are a type of epileptic seizure that originate in a specific region of the brain and cause tonic (muscle stiffness) and clonic (muscle jerking) movements. These seizures are characterized by sudden, brief episodes of altered consciousness and abnormal movements.
In a focal tonic seizure, the abnormal electrical activity in the brain is limited to only one hemisphere, or a specific area within one hemisphere. This differs from generalized seizures, which involve both hemispheres simultaneously. Focal tonic seizures commonly affect individuals with epilepsy and can be a result of various underlying causes, such as brain injuries, brain tumors, or genetic factors.
During a focal tonic seizure, the affected individual may experience a sudden onset of muscle stiffening, often beginning in one limb or group of muscles and spreading to adjacent muscles. This tonic phase is usually brief but can cause the person to fall or lose balance. Following the tonic phase, clonic movements may occur, characterized by repetitive jerking or twitching of the muscles. These movements may affect one side of the body or spread to both sides. Changes in consciousness can also be observed, ranging from mild confusion to loss of awareness.
Treatment for focal tonic seizures typically involves antiepileptic medication prescribed by a healthcare professional. In some cases, surgery may be recommended to remove the underlying cause of the seizures, such as a brain tumor or scar tissue. It is important for individuals experiencing focal tonic seizures to seek medical evaluation and diagnosis to establish an appropriate treatment plan and manage the condition effectively.
