FMD refers to Foot-and-Mouth Disease, a highly contagious viral disease affecting various cloven-hoofed animals. The acronym stands for "Foot-and-Mouth Disease." The disease primarily affects domesticated livestock such as cattle, pigs, sheep, and goats. FMD can cause significant economic losses due to reduced milk production, impaired growth, and the imposition of trade restrictions on affected regions.
FMD is caused by the Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus (FMDV), which belongs to the picornavirus family. It spreads primarily through direct contact with infected animals, their excretions (such as saliva, nasal discharge, or feces), and contaminated objects or surfaces. The virus can survive for extended periods in the environment, making it highly transmissible.
Symptoms of FMD may include fever, blister formation, mouth and tongue sores, and lameness. Infected animals show signs of pain, reduced appetite, and decreased milk production in dairy cows. While the disease rarely causes death in adult animals, it can be fatal in young offspring or those with weakened immune systems. In some cases, FMD can also affect wild animal populations, such as deer or bison.
To control FMD outbreaks, strict biosecurity measures, such as quarantine, movement restrictions, and disinfection protocols, are implemented. Additionally, vaccination plays a crucial role in preventing the spread of the disease. In many countries, FMD is a notifiable disease, meaning its occurrence must be reported to appropriate authorities for monitoring and control purposes.
