The spelling of the phrase "first language" follows the conventional English spelling system. The word "first" is spelled with the letters F-I-R-S-T, with the "i" pronounced as the short vowel sound /ɪ/. The word "language" is spelled with the letters L-A-N-G-U-A-G-E, with the "a" pronounced as the short vowel sound /æ/ and the "g" pronounced as a hard /g/ sound. In phonetic transcription, "first language" would be transcribed as /fɜrst ˈlæŋgwɪdʒ/.
First language, also referred to as mother tongue or native language, is the initial language a person learns and uses for communication as their primary means of expression from an early age. It is the language acquired by a person during infancy or early childhood, generally within the family or immediate community setting.
One's first language is typically acquired naturally, without formal instruction, by simply listening and imitating the speech patterns and vocabulary of caregivers. It serves as a foundation for cognitive development and shapes an individual's perception and understanding of the world. First language acquisition occurs through a process of repeated exposure, where the child gradually internalizes the structures and rules of the language, acquiring grammar, vocabulary, and pronunciation.
First language proficiency often leads to a deeper cultural understanding and integration into the community where that language is dominant. It forms an integral part of an individual's identity and can significantly influence their communication abilities, cognitive processes, and emotional expression.
It is important to note that individuals may have different first languages depending on their cultural background, geographical location, or family environment. As people navigate various communities and cultures, they may learn additional languages, known as second or subsequent languages. A strong foundation in one's first language can enhance language learning and facilitate the acquisition of subsequent languages.
The word "first" derives from the Old English word "fyrst", which is akin to the Gothic word "frumists" and the German word "erst". It ultimately traces back to the Proto-Germanic word "frumistaz". "Language" originates from the Latin word "lingua", meaning "tongue" or "speech". Therefore, the term "first language" refers to the initial or primary language a person learns to speak.