Extrinsic Allergic Alveolitis, also known as hypersensitivity pneumonitis, is a type of lung disease characterized by inflammation and scarring of the alveoli, the small air sacs in the lungs. This condition is caused by an allergic reaction to inhaled organic dust particles or other allergens such as bacteria, fungi, or chemicals.
The immune response in extrinsic allergic alveolitis occurs when the individual is exposed to these specific allergens, leading to the release of inflammatory chemicals and immune cells that cause damage to the lung tissues. Common sources of allergens include mold spores, bird feathers, droppings, or secretions, as well as agricultural or industrial dust.
Symptoms of extrinsic allergic alveolitis can vary depending on the duration and intensity of exposure, but typically include shortness of breath, cough, fatigue, fever, and occasional chest tightness. These symptoms may develop hours after exposure and can worsen over time if the individual continues to be exposed to the allergen.
Diagnosis is often based on the patient's symptoms, physical examination, and a thorough evaluation of their medical history, including exposure to potential allergens. Additional tests such as pulmonary function tests, chest X-ray or CT scan, and blood tests may be done to support the diagnosis and assess the severity of the condition.
Treatment for extrinsic allergic alveolitis primarily involves avoiding further exposure to the triggering allergen. In cases where this is not possible, medications such as corticosteroids or immunosuppressants may be prescribed to reduce inflammation and control symptoms. In some instances, lung function may become severely compromised, necessitating a lung transplant. Therefore, early recognition and appropriate management are crucial in preventing long-term complications of the condition.
