European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris), often referred to simply as starlings, are medium-sized songbirds native to Europe, but have been introduced to various parts of the world, including North America and Australia. They belong to the family Sturnidae and are known for their memorable vocalizations, highly sociable nature, and striking plumage.
European starlings have a robust body shape, measuring around 20-23 centimeters in length, with a wingspan of approximately 37-42 centimeters. They showcase a distinctive appearance characterized by their glossy black feathers that emit metallic sheens in sunlight and their yellow beaks during breeding seasons.
These birds are highly adaptable and can be found in a wide range of habitats, including urban environments, agricultural fields, grasslands, and woodlands. They are known for their intelligent foraging abilities and have a diverse diet consisting of insects, fruits, berries, seeds, and even small vertebrates.
Renowned for their mimicry skills, European starlings can imitate a variety of sounds, including other bird calls, car alarms, and human speech. Their vocal repertoire is complex, featuring chatters, whistles, and melodious songs, used for communication and establishing territorial boundaries.
European starlings are highly gregarious and form large flocks, oftentimes containing thousands of individuals. They have a strong social structure and exhibit communal roosting behavior, particularly during colder months, where vast numbers of starlings gather at sunset to find shelter and warmth.
While admired for their beauty and vocal talents, these birds can sometimes be considered pests due to their vast numbers and tendency to compete with native bird species for resources. Nevertheless, European starlings remain an integral part of ecosystems and continue to fascinate bird enthusiasts worldwide.
