Epstein Barr Virus (EBV), also known as human herpesvirus 4 (HHV-4), is a member of the herpesvirus family that infects human beings. It is a common type of herpesvirus and one of the most prevalent viruses among humans.
EBV is primarily transmitted through saliva, hence it is often referred to as "the kissing disease." It can be spread through various modes of contact, such as kissing, sharing utensils or drinks, and even through respiratory droplets from coughs or sneezes of infected individuals.
Once the virus enters the body, it typically remains dormant or latent for a long period, residing in B lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell) without causing any symptoms. However, under certain circumstances, such as a weakened immune system, stress, or hormonal changes, EBV can reactivate and cause a range of health issues.
Primary infection with EBV usually occurs during adolescence or young adulthood, resulting in a condition known as infectious mononucleosis or "mono." Symptoms of mono may include extreme fatigue, fever, sore throat, swollen lymph nodes, and enlarged spleen. In most cases, these symptoms gradually subside within a few weeks or months.
EBV has also been linked to various medical conditions, including certain types of cancers, such as Burkitt's lymphoma, Hodgkin's lymphoma, and nasopharyngeal carcinoma. It has also been associated with autoimmune diseases like systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and multiple sclerosis.
To diagnose an EBV infection, blood tests are conducted to detect the presence of antibodies against the virus. Treatment usually involves managing symptoms and complications, as there is no specific antiviral therapy available for EBV.
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