Enterovirus is a type of small, non-enveloped, single-stranded RNA virus that belongs to the Picornaviridae family. It is characterized by its ability to infect and replicate in the human gastrointestinal tract as well as other organs, such as the respiratory system, heart, liver, and central nervous system.
Enteroviruses are typically transmitted through the fecal-oral route, meaning they can be spread through contaminated food, water, or surfaces. They can also be transmitted through respiratory droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes. Consequently, enteroviruses are highly contagious and can cause widespread outbreaks, particularly in densely populated areas or places with poor sanitation.
In humans, enteroviruses can cause a wide range of illnesses, ranging from mild to severe. Common infections include hand, foot, and mouth disease, which primarily affects young children and is characterized by a rash on the hands, feet, and mouth; viral meningitis, an inflammation of the protective membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord; and myocarditis, an inflammation of the heart muscle. In rare cases, enteroviral infections can lead to more serious complications, such as encephalitis, paralysis, or even death.
Diagnosis of enterovirus infections is often done through laboratory testing, including detecting the viral RNA or specific antibodies in blood or cerebrospinal fluid samples. Treatment for enteroviruses primarily involves relieving symptoms, as there are no specific antiviral drugs available. Prevention is centered around good personal hygiene practices, such as frequent handwashing, proper sanitation, and vaccination when available.
