Endometrial stromal sarcoma (ESS) is a rare type of cancer that affects the stromal cells of the endometrium, which is the inner lining of the uterus. It is classified as a uterine sarcoma, meaning it originates in the muscles, connective tissues, or supporting tissues of the uterus rather than in the epithelial lining. ESS accounts for approximately 1-2% of all uterine cancers.
Stromal cells are responsible for providing structural support to the endometrium and are involved in the regulation of menstrual cycles and fertility. However, when these cells undergo genetic mutations or abnormalities, they can become cancerous and form tumors within the uterus.
ESS typically presents as abnormal vaginal bleeding, such as heavy or prolonged periods, bleeding between periods, or post-menopausal bleeding. Other potential symptoms include pelvic pain, a mass or swelling felt in the pelvic region, or pressure on nearby organs.
Diagnosis of ESS involves a thorough evaluation of the patient's medical history, physical examination, and imaging studies such as ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or computed tomography (CT) scans. A biopsy or surgical removal of the tumor is then conducted to confirm the presence of cancerous cells.
Treatment options for endometrial stromal sarcoma may include surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy, either individually or in combination, depending on the stage and extent of the disease. The overall prognosis for ESS can vary widely, ranging from a favorable outcome in some cases to more aggressive and recurrent disease in others. Regular follow-ups and close monitoring are necessary to detect any potential recurrence or metastasis.
