Dysbaric illness, also known as decompression sickness (DCS), is a medical condition that occurs when a person experiences the rapid reduction in ambient pressure, typically seen in scuba diving or exposure to high altitudes, leading to the formation of gas bubbles within the body. The illness mainly affects individuals who undergo a rapid ascent from depth or those who do not adhere to proper decompression procedures.
The condition arises due to the release of dissolved inert gases, predominantly nitrogen, which forms bubbles in the tissues and bloodstream when the pressure decreases too quickly. These gas bubbles can cause a range of symptoms, including joint and muscle pain, fatigue, dizziness, confusion, nausea, vomiting, and in severe cases, neurological impairment, paralysis, or even death.
Dysbaric illness is categorized into two main types: type I and type II. Type I DCS usually involves musculoskeletal symptoms, such as joint and muscle pain, while type II DCS affects the central nervous system and manifests as neurological symptoms like dizziness, numbness, and difficulty with coordination.
Prompt treatment of dysbaric illness is vital to minimize complications. The primary approach involves the administration of 100% oxygen to accelerate the elimination of nitrogen from the body and facilitate bubble reduction. In some cases, hyperbaric oxygen therapy may be recommended, where the person is placed in a pressurized chamber to further assist in the dissipation of gas bubbles.
Preventative measures, including adherence to dive tables, dive computers, and proper decompression stops, as well as adherence to altitude ascent guidelines, are crucial in minimizing the risk of dysbaric illness. Regular training and certification in proper diving techniques and safety protocols are also essential to ensure a safe diving experience.
