Dry Eye Syndrome, also known as dry eye disease or keratoconjunctivitis sicca, is a chronic condition that affects the tear film and the ocular surface, leading to discomfort and visual disturbances. It is characterized by an insufficient production of tears or poor quality tears, resulting in dryness, irritation, and inflammation of the eyes.
The tear film, composed of water, oils, mucus, and proteins, is responsible for lubricating and protecting the front of the eye. In individuals with dry eye syndrome, tear production may decrease due to various factors, such as age, hormonal changes, certain medications, environmental factors, or underlying health conditions. Alternatively, tears may evaporate too quickly from the ocular surface due to insufficient oil content or dysfunction of the Meibomian glands, leading to dryness and discomfort.
Common symptoms associated with dry eye syndrome include a gritty or sandy sensation in the eyes, redness, burning, stinging, intermittent blurred vision, eye fatigue, and excessive tearing as a reflex response to the dryness. These symptoms often worsen during activities that require intense visual concentration, long periods of screen time, exposure to dry or windy environments, or wearing contact lenses.
Treatment approaches for dry eye syndrome aim to improve tear production, increase tear retention, and decrease inflammation. This includes the use of artificial tears, lubricating eye drops, warm compresses, lifestyle modifications such as blinking exercises and maintaining proper hydration, medications to reduce inflammation, and strategies to address any underlying causes of the condition. Severe cases may require more advanced approaches, such as punctal plugs to retain tears or procedures to improve oil gland functionality.
