Dry eye, also known as keratoconjunctivitis sicca, is a common ocular condition characterized by insufficient lubrication and moisture production on the eye's surface. It occurs when the eyes are unable to properly maintain a healthy tear film, leading to discomfort, redness, and potential damage to the cornea.
The tear film, consisting of three distinct layers (lipid, aqueous, and mucin), is essential for protecting the eyes, maintaining clear vision, and ensuring optimal ocular health. In individuals with dry eye, there is an imbalance in tear production or quality, resulting in an insufficient amount of tears or rapid evaporation of the existing tears.
Symptoms of dry eye can vary but often include a persistent dry, gritty, or burning sensation in the eyes, sensitivity to light, blurred vision, eye fatigue, and excess tearing due to reflex tearing caused by ocular surface irritation. Factors contributing to dry eye can range from environmental conditions (such as dry or dusty climates), certain medications, systemic diseases (e.g., Sjögren's syndrome), hormonal changes, aging, prolonged digital device use, and insufficient blinking.
Treatment for dry eye aims to restore and maintain tear film stability, relieve symptoms, and prevent damage to the ocular surface. This may involve the use of artificial tears, lubricating ointments, anti-inflammatory medications, punctal plugs to conserve tear film, lifestyle modifications (e.g., frequent breaks from digital screens, humidifiers), or in severe cases, surgical interventions. Regular eye examinations are important for proper management and monitoring of dry eye, as studies suggest that untreated dry eye can lead to corneal abrasions, infections, or compromised vision if left unaddressed.
