Dimorphous leprosy is a chronic infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium leprae, primarily affecting the skin, peripheral nerves, and upper respiratory tract. It is characterized by the presence of two distinct clinical forms: tuberculoid leprosy and lepromatous leprosy.
Tuberculoid leprosy, the less severe form, is associated with a strong immune response. It is characterized by well-demarcated, hypopigmented, and anesthetic skin lesions. Numbness, localized sensory loss, and muscle weakness may also be present. This form of leprosy is characterized by a limited number of skin lesions, which are often asymmetric and show a predilection for cooler areas of the body. Despite the presence of small skin lesions, the peripheral nerve damage is extensive and can lead to disfigurement and disability.
Lepromatous leprosy, on the other hand, is the more severe and progressive form. It is associated with a weak immune response, leading to widespread dissemination of bacilli. This form is characterized by numerous symmetric, nodular skin lesions that may be papular or infiltrative. These lesions are usually pale or copper-colored. The face, ears, buttocks, and extremities are commonly affected. Peripheral nerve involvement is extensive, leading to sensory loss, muscle weakness, and trophic changes, which can result in severe deformities.
Dimorphous leprosy is diagnosed clinically and confirmed through a skin biopsy and acid-fast bacilli staining. Multidrug therapy, including antibiotics such as dapsone, rifampicin, and clofazimine, is the recommended treatment for this disease. Early detection and treatment greatly reduce the risk of complications and disability associated with le
