Dimorphous leprosy is a rare form of leprosy characterized by the presence of two distinct clinical manifestations. Leprosy, also known as Hansen's disease, is a chronic infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium leprae. It primarily affects the skin and peripheral nerves, leading to sensory loss and deformities if left untreated.
Dimorphous leprosy is so named because it presents with two different subtypes, each with distinct clinical features. The first subtype is tuberculoid leprosy, which is associated with a strong cell-mediated immune response. In this form, patients exhibit well-demarcated, hypopigmented skin lesions, usually with sensory impairment but limited nerve damage. Tuberculoid leprosy is considered the milder form of leprosy and exhibits fewer skin lesions.
The second subtype is lepromatous leprosy, which is characterized by a weak immune response. Patients with lepromatous leprosy present with numerous, small, macular lesions that are symmetrically distributed throughout the body. The skin lesions often have a characteristic shiny appearance due to a buildup of bacteria, and there is extensive nerve damage. Lepromatous leprosy is considered the more severe form of the disease.
Treatment for dimorphous leprosy typically involves a multidrug therapy regimen consisting of antibiotics such as dapsone, rifampicin, and clofazimine. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment are essential to prevent further complications and disabilities associated with leprosy. Dimorphous leprosy, although rare, requires diligent medical management to control the disease progression and improve the quality of life for affected individuals.
