A desmosome is a specialized cell junction that facilitates the adhesion between two neighboring cells. It is a type of anchoring junction and is commonly found in tissues subjected to mechanical stress, such as the skin, heart, and uterus. The term "desmosome" is derived from the Greek words "desmos," meaning "bond," and "soma," meaning "body."
Desmosomes consist of two principal components: desmosomal cadherins and desmosomal plaque. Desmosomal cadherins, particularly desmogleins and desmocollins, are transmembrane proteins that span the cell membrane and mediate the connection between adjacent cells. These proteins form homophilic interactions, meaning that they bind to identical molecules on the surface of neighboring cells. The desmosomal plaque, on the other hand, is situated on the cytoplasmic side of the cell membrane and provides structural stability to the desmosome.
Desmosomes play a vital role in maintaining tissue integrity and resisting mechanical stresses. They are responsible for the strong adhesion between cells, allowing tissues to withstand stretching and shearing forces. The connection formed by desmosomes is often likened to "spot welds" or "rivets" that hold cells together, enhancing tissue strength and stability.
Disruptions in desmosome function have been implicated in various diseases and conditions, such as blistering skin disorders, cardiomyopathies, and certain types of cancer. Abnormalities in desmosome components can lead to weakened cell adhesion, leading to tissue fragility and compromised organ function.
In summary, desmosomes are specialized cell junctions that provide adhesion between neighboring cells, contributing to tissue integrity and mechanical resilience. They are composed of desmosomal cadherins
