Defix, also referred to as defixiones or curse tablets, are small, often rectangular pieces of lead, tin, or copper inscribed with curses, imprecations, or requests for divine intervention. These objects were commonly used in the ancient world, particularly during the Hellenistic and Roman periods, as a means of enacting revenge, seeking justice, or influencing the actions of others through supernatural means.
The defix, or curse tablet, typically features inscriptions written in a precise manner, employing magical formulae, divine names, and symbolic imagery intended to have a powerful impact on the desired outcome. These inscriptions often invoke the assistance of deities, spirits, or supernatural forces to inflict harm or misfortune upon the person targeted or to compel them to act in a specific manner.
The use of defixes was widespread in ancient societies, frequently associated with underground or secret religious practices. They were utilized in various contexts, such as legal disputes, love affairs, political rivalries, athletic competitions, or protection against theft and malevolent spirits. Due to their concealed nature, defixes were generally buried or placed in hidden locations, such as wells, graveyards, or temples.
Archaeological discoveries of defixes have provided valuable insights into the beliefs, fears, and social dynamics of ancient cultures. These curse tablets reflect the enduring fascination humans have held with supernatural intervention and the desire for control over their own lives and the lives of others.
