Corneal stromal dystrophies refer to a group of inherited disorders characterized by abnormal accumulation of substances within the middle layer (stroma) of the cornea. The cornea is the transparent front surface of the eye that helps in focusing light onto the retina. The stroma is the thickest layer of the cornea, composed of collagen fibers and cells.
These dystrophies can cause a variety of changes within the stroma, leading to visual impairment and potentially, corneal thinning or scarring. Different types of corneal stromal dystrophies have been identified, each with its own distinct characteristics and patterns of inheritance.
Symptoms of corneal stromal dystrophies can vary but commonly include gradual decrease in vision, recurrent corneal erosions (where the outermost layer of the cornea sloughs off), corneal opacities (cloudiness), and corneal thinning or bulging. Some individuals may also experience eye pain or discomfort.
The specific substances that accumulate within the cornea depend on the particular stromal dystrophy. Examples include abnormal deposits of proteins, lipids, or carbohydrates. These accumulations disrupt the normal organization of collagen fibers in the stroma, leading to structural and functional abnormalities.
Although there is no cure for corneal stromal dystrophies, treatment may involve managing symptoms and preventing complications. Treatments can include the use of lubricating eye drops, bandage contact lenses, or corrective surgeries such as corneal transplantation. Genetic counseling and testing can be helpful for individuals with these dystrophies to understand inheritance patterns and make informed decisions about family planning.
